Neil Wehrle

What do OXO Good Grips kitchenwares and the Apple iPad have in common? It may be hard to think of how chunky-handled potato-peelers and cutting-edge tablet computers may be related, but I think both are really “Trojan horses” of product design.

When I read the reviews, look at the UI, and play with it (admittedly, I don’t own one yet), I’ve come to think of the iPad as a device aimed primarily at the Baby Boomer Generation. This is significant when you consider how the iPad is marketed and discussed in the media: like most new technologies, there is a heavy emphasis on early adopters, younger people, and the tech-savvy elites. Apple is too experienced to introduce a product just for seniors or anyone else outside of the 18-34 demographic that content producers trip over themselves to attract. Despite the fact that ‘boomers have far more disposable income, the leisure time to use and buy lots of apps and books, and a strong desire to keep up with the “digital natives”, it would probably be suicide to market the iPad this way.

To the original question – what do these products have in common? Good Grips were designed using Universal Design principles to the accommodate aging hands of seniors. However, this veneer of utility masked the real market of style-conscious consumers needing a reason to replace their perfectly good utensils with new neoprene-handled models. The iPad is not your grandmother’s computer, but with its giant buttons, bright high-resolution screen, and ease of use, it could be. The tenets of Universal Design are centered on the notion that designing to accommodate the requirements of people with disabilities can yield products that by default work well for everyone else. The iPad is a big step forward that takes advantage of the most profound aspect of computers – their chameleon-like ability to adopt forms that belie their endless computational (and networked) abilities – and creates a new category of devices. Even though they have made a clean break with previous computer forms (iPhone notwithstanding, even other tablet devices adhered to the desktop computer metaphor), Apple knows full well to proceed with caution and let the market inform its evolution. Apple promotes it as an empty vessel as much as anything: most of the language from Apple uses word like “magic” and “never before” to describe it, leaving consumers and media to fill in the gaps.  Similar to many other products marketed to younger people, but adopted by older consumers, Apple needs to keep up appearances to through the gates.

A key usability heuristic termed the “Match between the system and real world“, says that software systems should mirror real-world scenarios, nomenclature, and procedures. In the real world, of course, things (especially social) tend to be messy, non-hierarchical, redundant, ambiguous, and often contradictory. A recent post from a designer observed that in his many years of technical support for family members, few could successfully navigate the file system of either PCs or Macs. I, too, have noticed this. People just don’t think hierarchically (I have research to back this up, just can’t locate it right now).

Amazingly, it has taken over 35 years for a software company to completely and successfully shield users from the rigid, hierarchical, and non-intuitive interface known as the “file system” of modern computers. The Xerox PARC Alto and Star systems had, among other numerous innovations (GUI, Ethernet), a user interface that completely hid the file system from users. It introduced the “desktop” metaphor, and that was all users could access – no applications, no file system, just documents. While this approach was nominally copied by Apple and Microsoft, nobody could successfully abandon the file system. Ever since, the user experience of computers has been like an extended version of the ugly, awkward transition of MS-DOS to Windows, where users were sometimes bounced around and forced to open the hood periodically.

Apple’s iPhone did this remarkably well on many counts, and seems poised to repeat this success with the iPad. The key is that these aren’t explicitly positioned as computers, but computer-enable consumer devices. I’m sure that Apple kept hitting a wall when they tried to bury the file system both technically, and from users – extremely vocal technically adept users shouted down any effort in this area. It used to be Macs were labeled “toy” computers because of the slight layer of abstraction the GUI afforded. They seem to have solved the problem by going full circle, back to the original efforts of the Xerox crew.

It’s been a couple of days since Apple released their latest product, the iPad. Given the denouement, its not surprising that there is a fair amount of disappointment. I’m not talking about the name, but the feature set.

I see it this way – when the fastest-growing areas of your company are your media outlets (iTunes and the App Store), you build on that success. While laptops have been doing quite well, overall the growth of the traditional computer business for Apple hasn’t been as impressive. Apple Computer even became just Apple not so long ago.The iPad is a media consumption product first, powered of course, by a computer. There have been plenty of tablet computers that have failed, and I suspect that failure has much to do with the “open-ended”ness of the devices – they are basically laptops jammed into a different form factor. Apple aficionados seemed to be clamoring for a Mac Air without a keyboard – a computer in its unvarnished chameleon-like natural form. I’m actually with them, but I’m probably in a too-small (though vocal) market  for them to target. Its my kids and my leisure time Apple is after.

Apple has learned that an excellent user experience more often comes from tightly coupled software and hardware. It has also learned from iPhones and iPods that it can go a step further and subsume the computer beneath the consumer experience. Witness the amount of effort they have put into the UI. This tells me they aren’t swinging for the fences on the first try, but attempting to build a platform they can splinter variants from in the future. The locked-down nature of many of Apple’s products is disturbing, but new avenues will emerge if it is successful for a wider community of contributors to innovate. The App Store is controlled by Apple, but of course bounded problem spaces often yield better outcomes, and to date nothing else has come close. A true tablet computer may emerge over time (sooner, when its jail broken), but right now Apple is building on success, not giving the world another version of a failed experiment.

William Poundstone unravels a great example of how businesses use “nudges” to direct user (customer) behavior to make choices they otherwise might not.

“Puzzles, anchors, stars, and plowhorses; those are a few of the terms consultants now use when assembling a menu (which is as much an advertisement as anything else). “A star is a popular, high-profit item—in other words, an item for which customers are willing to pay a good deal more than it costs to make,” Poundstone explains. “A puzzle is high-profit but unpopular; a plowhorse is the opposite, popular yet unprofitable. Consultants try to turn puzzles into stars, nudge customers away from plowhorses, and convince everyone that the prices on the menu are more reasonable than they look.”

More at: http://nymag.com/restaurants/features/62498/#ixzz0ZgvsUHUB

Sylvia and I worked on a fundraising site for our daughter’s school, PS29 in Brooklyn called 5days4arts.org. It was conceived of and launched in an incredibly short period of time, but it managed to meet the fundraising goal of $40,000 in just about two weeks. It was a great lesson in using social media for good, but also showed the power of open-source software (built on Wordpress), cheap technology (used handheld digital cameras) and software (well, ok, we did use Final Cut). We also made the local paper, the New York Daily News. (nydailynews_112409)

I was at the Wired Store a couple days ago. Its filled with all manner of (mostly) electronic gadgets, televisions, a Camaro, and a drop of camping gear. Leaving, I felt nothing. In years past – actually a good 20 or more years ago, I would have been excited at the sight of all that expensive equipment.

What really struck me is how I use my time now. I’m sure it has a lot to do with my stage in life – with two kids and a mortgage, who’s got time for all that anyway? And a don’t think parallel parking a new Camaro in NYC would be much fun. But its more than that. I like to do active things – building things like websites, and engaging with people – much more than sitting passively at home listening to music or watching TV. If I do listen to music, its in the background while I’m doing another task.

Clay’s talk on cognitive surplus (and a forthcoming book) really drives this home. While my attention is more fragmented these days, I’m also doing much more with my time. Online social tools allow me to use my time better and to discover new things, and entire new classes of engagement (compared to 20 years ago) are stimulating and fulfilling.

A short but interesting article in the WSJ goes into the use of “nudges” and social pressure to encourage people to modify their behavior. The basic idea is that people don’t always behave rationally or in their best self-interest. While this wasn’t big news to the rest of the world, apparently it is for many mainstream economists, who continue (or did, until recently) to believe that markets are always efficient because people will always carefully weigh choices and make the best one.

One of the bits that stood out for me was the theme of social pressure being used to modify electrical use in Sacramento. By making neighbor’s power use known, utility customers will actually lower theirs to meet or beat their neighbor’s. When we think people are watching us, our behavior is quite different, it turns out. A lot of this is covered in “Nudge”, a great read on the subject.

This kind of feedback, along with ordering choices and playing off people’s tendencies to overvalue free things, can be useful tools in designing user experiences. We’ve been exploring this at Chartbeat (betaworks), and I’ve been wanting to leverage this more in fund-raising at my children’s school (where we already have had some success using social media).

I’ve been an Amazon user for almost 14 years now, starting with books and moving on to just about everything else they sell. For the last couple of years I’ve downloaded MP3s (initially just to avoid Apple’s DRM, but now because I can find music much more easily). Every time, though I have had to download and install a new copy of their MP3 downloader (nicely done for what it does, by the way).

The number of times I’ve bailed on downloading music is much higher than the number of copies of this that are in my Downloads folder (and I’ve deleted a few copies over time as well).

Today, though, Amazon did something new, which they always do in their subtle, tweakish way. Just below the confirmation message, they offered several answers to what they must know to be common problems. One of them, it immediately occurred to me, was mine.

Even though I’m pretty good with computers and such, for some reason I had never thought to associate the Amazon file type with the appropriate application in my browser. It’s something I’ve done in the past, but not in this case. Anyway, a couple of clicks later, I think I’ve solved my problem.

The reminder for me is to keep on iterating on everything I put out there. Small adjustments can make a massive change, while massive changes may just introduce more inadequacies to be cleaned up later.

I saw this on the AirTran site and thought it was a pretty effective way of communicating – in a positive light – what type of seat you can choose for your flight. I can’t say that I’ve ever seen an airline illustrate what seats actually look like, and frankly most seat selection tools seem to be oriented to the experienced traveler. Perhaps that’s intentional, and I have no idea what percentage of people stay with their default assignment. The options for “sit together” and “leg room” seem useful ways to prod fliers into thinking ahead and selecting appropriate seats. I imagine this saves the airline a bundle in time savings not having counter personnel playing musical chairs before takeoff.

Not to pile on, but recent personal experiences with the AA.com (American Airlines) site underscore just how dreadful the user experience on the site is, no matter what the excuses are. I’ve been using – with some success – the aa.com site for some time now, ever since I worked at Yahoo and AA was the preferred airline and I racked up so many miles. I’ve always found it to be difficult to use, and somewhat stress-inducing given the cramped layout, tiny controls, wonky nomenclature, and tedious performance.

Over the last few weeks I’ve been planning a couple trips, one to Mexico for the family at the end of the year, and one for myself to attend my niece’s high school graduation in Madison. I found a good itinerary to Mexico and booked it, then played with several to Madison (putting a couple on hold) before settling on one. The AA site does provide a display of itineraries, which is great, but like most of the site it is poorly rendered.

Here’s what it looks like actual size:

My nits:

• The type size, width, and row height of this table makes it feel very cramped.
• A plethora of uppercase acronyms make it hard to tell which flight is which.
• The “Reservation Name” isn’t user-friendly or even user-generated. It can also be horribly inaccurate: it only shows the first leg in any multi-layover flight. So if I had a flights to Mexico and Madison, both with layovers in ORD, that I ticketed in close succession, I could easily get confused.
• The Cancel link only takes me to a confirmation page, not one with any more information about the flight, which would be an easy way to help people understand what they are doing. There is no email generated confirming this, no cooling off period, etc.

So what happened to me that was so bad? Well, I blew away the family vacation to Mexico and didn’t even know it. I’m sure there are excellent business reason for the way things were designed here, but I also know that they all could be accomodated in a different and much more user-friendly manner.

Don’t get me started with the voice-activated phone system I had to use to straighten this out (kudos to the human who did!).